Background: The study aimed to analyze happiness levels and LEISURE life SATISFACTION related to participation in sports LEISURE activities, and the differences in SATISFACTION levels by the type of participation events and par-ticipants’,demographic backgrounds. Methods: This study was based on the 2020 Korea National LEISURE Activities Survey using stratified multi-stage cluster sampling with a population over the age of 15 years and a nationwide survey. Moreover, a house-hold visit interview survey was conducted from September 7 to November 16, 2020. A total of 10, 088 people (5, 003 males and 5, 085 females) responded to the survey. Frequency analysis, chi-square test, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were performed. Results: The analysis of the distribution of participants and the happiness level and overall LEISURE life satisfac-tion between participants in sports and non-sports LEISURE activities showed significant differences (P<0. 05). Participants in sports LEISURE activities had higher levels of happiness and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities than those in non-sports LEISURE activities. There were significant differences in SATISFACTION with participation in sports LEISURE activities by type of sports, age, educational level, marital status, and household income level (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: There were significant differences in participation in sports LEISURE activities by type of sports, age, educational level, marital status, and household income level, and the SATISFACTION level of participants in sports LEISURE activities differed according to these factors. This suggests that various educational efforts are required to combine physical education with sports LEISURE activities in school.

One of the principles of modern management, is due to the principle of customer focus and customer SATISFACTION. The aim of this study was to measure the SATISFACTION of women attending public LEISURE spaces in Historical and old places with an emphasis on New Urbanism in Kermanshah. The methodology was a survey one and a questionnaire was used to collect data. In this study, the sampling was done first through two cluster Sampling then random method. The sample size for this study was 384. Initially the general SATISFACTION of the public space for LEISURE city of Kermanshah, dissemination of information SATISFACTION, trust, employees behavior space and the physical space and the equipments was examined. Finally, an explanation of the research shows that there is no significant difference "between the expectations and perceptions of public space and LEISURE visitors to the city of Kermanshah in terms of quality. And the relationship between the components of service quality public spaces and LEISUREvisitor's SATISFACTION was not confirmed. According to the correlation coefficients the positive relationship between the components of the study and SATISFACTION and the positive effect on the SATISFACTION of these components was confirmed. Effects model regression coefficients were obtained for each component, represents an appropriate and significant coefficients of the regression model.

Engaged LEISURE activities, such as recreational cycling, can have a significant impact on individuals' well-being and SATISFACTION. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the relative contribution of serious LEISURE to perceived well-being and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities among recreational cyclists. This research is descriptive-correlational in nature and applied in purpose, conducted through a field method. The statistical population included recreational cyclists in Iran who engage in cycling at least once a week during appropriate seasons. Since accurate statistics were unavailable, a minimum sample size of 384 participants was selected based on the Morgan table and through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, and analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and Pearson correlation in SPSS software, version 26. The findings indicated a positive and significant relationship between serious LEISURE and perceived well-being, as well as between serious LEISURE and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities. Overall, the results suggest that balancing serious LEISURE and perceived well-being can play a crucial role in increasing recreational cyclists' SATISFACTION with their LEISURE activities. These findings could serve as a guide to enhancing the quality of LEISURE activities. Keywords: Serious LEISURE, Perceived Well-Being, SATISFACTION, Cycling, Sports Recreation 1. IntroductionStudies indicate that although Iranians have more LEISURE time than the global average, the time dedicated to LEISURE activities in Iran is below the global standard (Safiri & Modiri, 2011). Recreational sports, such as cycling, focus on promoting enjoyment, strengthening physical and mental well-being, and providing an accessible opportunity for all, without emphasizing the intensity of the activity (Abdollahifar et al., 1400). Cycling, as a form of serious LEISURE, enhances participants' motivation and commitment while positively impacting their physical and mental health (Herman, 2015; Chun-An Chen, 2020). This study aims to explore the relationship between serious LEISURE, perceived well-being, and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities among recreational cyclists. Additionally, it examines the role of gender as a mediating and moderating variable in this relationship. The findings of this research are expected to promote greater participation in LEISURE activities, contribute to the sustainable development of public sports, and serve as a practical resource for sports managers and urban planners. 2. Literature ReviewLEISURE, defined as time free from obligations and driven by self-motivation (Plummer, 2009), significantly impacts quality of life, physical and mental health, and even therapeutic outcomes through recreation (Lin et al., 2013; Cowan et al., 2014; Hutchinson et al., 2008). Engaging in LEISURE activities enhances mood, life SATISFACTION, and overall health (Newman & Diener, 2014; Chizari et al., 2020). A specific form of LEISURE, known as serious LEISURE, demands greater discipline and commitment, often resulting in increased self-confidence, self-esteem, continuous learning, and even career development (Stevens, 2017, 2018; Elkington & Stevens, 2014). Activities such as sports, art, and sightseeing provide positive physical and mental benefits (Zhang & Huang, 2018), with sports, in particular, fostering physical and mental growth (Maroufnejad & Amiri, 1400; Barbosa, 2018). Research indicates that participating in LEISURE activities correlates with improved mental health and quality of life (Mansfield et al., 2020; Park et al., 2017), while LEISURE SATISFACTION enhances key dimensions of well-being, including self-esteem, resilience, and life SATISFACTION (Larsen et al., 2015; Barbieri & Sotomayor, 2013). 3. MethodologyThis descriptive-correlational, applied study aimed to examine the relative contribution of serious LEISURE to perceived well-being and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities among recreational cyclists (both men and women). The study's target population included cyclists who were active at least once a week and had more than three years of experience in recreational cycling. Using available sampling and based on the Morgan table, a minimum of 384 questionnaires were distributed, ensuring the gender ratio of the sample was balanced. The data were collected using three standardized questionnaires: serious LEISURE, sports well-being, and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and correlation tests with SPSS version 26. 4. ResultsThe results of the Pearson test (due to the normal distribution of data) showed that with a significance level of less than 0.05 (P=0.001), there is a positive and significant relationship between serious LEISURE and perceived well-being among recreational cyclists, both male and female. This relationship is confirmed with 95% confidence, although the intensity of the components varies in some cases. Additionally, the results of the Pearson test for SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities indicated that with a significance level of less than 0.05 (P=0.001), there is a positive and significant relationship between serious LEISURE and SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities among male and female recreational cyclists, with a higher intensity observed among female cyclists. 5. ConclusionThe overall conclusion of this study highlights that a crucial factor in enhancing SATISFACTION with LEISURE activities is achieving a balance between serious LEISURE and perceived well-being among cyclists. In other words, the more cyclists are engaged and stimulated by a LEISURE activity, the greater their SATISFACTION with it. Furthermore, the findings reveal that many previous studies in Iran have broadly examined the concept of LEISURE without a focused approach, often overlooking the psychological dimension of serious LEISURE. This research, however, places a strong emphasis on serious LEISURE, shedding light on its significant role in shaping the quality of LEISURE experiences and contributing to overall well-being.

Present paper compares the consumption of LEISURE between working wives and housewives in Sari city in Mazandaran province by problematizing effect of women employment on their LEISURE framework and by using adjusted form of Arlie Hochschild’ LEISURE gap theory. The method of research is survey with causal - comparative approach. The statistical population of research is two groups of working wives and housewives (unemployed) and sample size is equal to 300 persons (150 persons from each group) who were selected by cluster, simple random and systematic sampling methods. Results showed the significant difference of LEISURE consumption between two working wives and housewives groups in according to three variables including level, how and SATISFACTION. Results imply the dual nature of Henderson’s theory that conceives “one size doesn’t fit all”. In that, although there is different model about LEISURE consumption within women stratification and the major difference of this model between working wives and housewives is mainly in intense and quality than surface and quantity, but main site for consuming LEISURE between working wives and housewives is home.

which can help preserve independence, bring happiness and vitality and reduce mental disorders and indifference. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how older adults spend their LEISURE time. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 270 elderly participants (> 60 years) in Yazd city, Iran from July to September 2019. The two stage sampling method was applied. A researcher-made LEISURE activity questionnaire was used for data gathering. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The mean LEISURE time of participants was 5. 09 ±,3. 54 hours. Most of the participants (74. 4 %) spent their LEISURE time at home. Physical activity (25. 2 %) and travel (33. 8 %) were at a low level while religious activity (61. 6 %) was the most frequent. Of the participants, 50. 7 % were moderately satisfied with their LEISURE. Conclusion: Considering the low level of physical activity and travel in older adults' LEISURE time, both the government and families are suggested to make the required plans to increase older adults' physical activity and time for travel.